Document Type

Project

Publication Date

2024

Abstract

Objective. This literature review will summarize evidence of improved accuracy in patients suspected of right to left shunts using unconventional practices in agitated saline (bubble) studies compared to traditional methods.

Methods and Materials. PubMed, CINAHL, and ClinicalKey were utilized to find studies since 2012 using the key words bubble studies, patent foramen ovale, right to left shunts, agitated saline study, and atrial septal defect.

Results. Using six sources, this study will provide background about uses of bubble studies. Using four more, there will be discussion about best practices in bubble studies including: 1) agitating the saline twenty times compared to the traditional ten agitations 2) using 6 mL of sodium bicarbonate and 4 mL of vitamin B6 and if not possible 3) using 8 mL of water, 1 mL of air, and 1 mL of blood 4) a combination of transcranial, transthoracic, and transesophageal echocardiography produces the most thorough analysis of right to left shunts.

Conclusion. Based on review and results, studies suggest that there are many uncommon, yet ideal methods for performing a maximally diagnostic agitated saline study.

Download

Share

COinS